METABOLISM
types of metabolism
1.) catabolism
Catabolic reactions: transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP.
2.) anabolism
Anabolic reactions: transfer energy from ATP to complex molecules.
Definition of terms:
- increase the rate of reaction
- protein
- nonprotein component
- organic cofactor
- apoenzyme plus cofactor
important coenzymes
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enzyme classification
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factors influencing enzyme activity
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RIBOZYMES
- RNA that cuts and splices RNA
oxidation-reduction
- Oxidation is the removal of electrons.
- Reduction is the gain of electrons.
- Redox reaction is an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction.
The general of atp
- ATP is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP.
- Substrate-level phosphorylation is the transfer of a high-energy PO4 to ADP.
- Energy released from the transfer of electrons(oxidation) of one compound to another(reduction) is used to generate ATP by chemiosmosis.
- Light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons. Energy released from the transfer of electrons(oxidation) of chlorophyll through a system of carrier molecules is used to generate ATP.
catabolic catabolism
The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy.
- Glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP and NADH.
- Preparatory Stage
- Energy-Conserving Stage
Intermediate step
- Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is oxidized and decarboxylated.
Krebs cycle
- Oxidation of acetyl CoA produce NADH and FADH2
the electron transport chain
- A series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain.
- Energy released can be used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis.
respiration
- Aerobic respiration:
- Anaerobic respiration
- Energy produced from complete oxidation of one glucose using aerobic respiration.
pathwayGlycolysis
Intermediate step Krebs cycle TOTAL |
atp produced2
0 2 4 |
nadh produced2
2 6 10 |
fadh2 produced0
2 2 |
fermentation
- Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules
- Uses an organic molecule as the final acceptor
- ALCOHOL FERMENTATION:
- LACTIC-ACID FERMENTATION:
- HOMOLACTIC FERMENTATION:
2. HETEROLACTIC FERMENTATION:
-produces lactic acid and other compounds
PROTEIN
AND
LIPID
CATABOLISM
- Used to identify bacteria
- Photo: Conversion of light energy into chemical energy(ATP)
- Synthesis: Fixing carbon into organic molecules
- Oxygenic
- Anoxygenic
HALOBACTERIUM
-uses bacteriorhodopsin, not chlorophyll, to generate electon for a chemiosmotic proton pump
CHEMOTROPHS- use energy from chemicals
- CHEMOHETEROTROPH- energy used in anabolism
- CHEMOAUTOTROPH- energy used in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2
PHOTOTROPHS- use light energy
- PHOTOAUTOTROPHS- use energy in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2
- PHOTOHETEROTROPHS use energy
metabolic pathways of energy use
- Polysaccharide biosynthesis
- Lipid biosynthesis
- Amino acid and protein biosynthesis
- Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis
AMPHIBOLIC PATHWAYS
-are metabolic pathways that have both catabolic and anabolic functions
-are metabolic pathways that have both catabolic and anabolic functions