What is a Bacteria ?
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Some Examples of Bacteria
S. Aureus : inhabits of the human skin and nares
Diseases : localized skin and soft tissue abscesses, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomylitis, and septicaemia
Treatment : methicillin and/or vancomycin
Diseases : localized skin and soft tissue abscesses, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomylitis, and septicaemia
Treatment : methicillin and/or vancomycin
S. Epidermidis : inhibitants of the human skin and mucosa
Diseases: the most common infections on catheters and implants, one of five most common organisms that cause nosocomial infections
Treatment : proper handwashing, and/or removal of infected area, and/or vancomycin
Diseases: the most common infections on catheters and implants, one of five most common organisms that cause nosocomial infections
Treatment : proper handwashing, and/or removal of infected area, and/or vancomycin
S. Saprophyticus : cocci in clusters, non- spore forming, non-motile, gram positive, anaerobic, inhabitant of the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum and gastrointestinal tract
Disease: common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections
Treatment: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone such as norfloxacin
Disease: common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections
Treatment: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone such as norfloxacin
a.) Enterococci : cocci in chains and or pairs, non-motile, non-spore forming, gram positive, aerobic, two species are normal flora in the intestines of humans: E. faecalis (90-95%) and E. faecium (5-10%).
Diseases: nosocomial infections, dental carries, UTI, bacteremia
Treatments: vancomycin, linezolid and daptomycin,and ampicillin
Diseases: nosocomial infections, dental carries, UTI, bacteremia
Treatments: vancomycin, linezolid and daptomycin,and ampicillin
a.) S. Agalactiae : inhabitants of gastrointestinal tracts of humans.
Diseases: septicaemia and neonatal meningitis
Treatment: prophylactic antibiotics
Diseases: septicaemia and neonatal meningitis
Treatment: prophylactic antibiotics
a.) Peptostreptococcus : inhabits the mouth, skin, gastrointestinal, vagina and urinary tracts, and compose a portion of the bacterial gut flora.
Diseases: bacteremia, female pelvic infection, abdominal infection
Treatments: ciprofloxacin, macrolides (eg, erythromycin) and imidazoles (eg, metronidazole)
Diseases: bacteremia, female pelvic infection, abdominal infection
Treatments: ciprofloxacin, macrolides (eg, erythromycin) and imidazoles (eg, metronidazole)
a.) Bacillus anthracis: spores are highly resilient, surviving extremes of temperature, low-nutrient environments, and harsh chemical treatment over decades or centuries
Disease: Anthrax
Treatment: fluoroquinolones (like ciprofloxacin), doxycycline,erythromycin, vancomycin, or penicillin
Disease: Anthrax
Treatment: fluoroquinolones (like ciprofloxacin), doxycycline,erythromycin, vancomycin, or penicillin
a.) Clostridium : rod-shaped, spindles, gram-positive, spore forming, non-motile, aerobic, inhabits the human bowels.
Disease:
C. botulinum causes botulism
C. difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis
C. perfringens, causes gas gangrene.
C. tetani, causes tetanus
C. sordellii causes pneumonia
Treatments:
Botulism : antitoxins
Pseudomembranous colitis: oral vancomycin or with intravenous metronidazole.
Gas gangrene: antibiotics, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and/or amputation
Tetanus: tetanus immunoglobulin, metronidazole, and diazepam
Pneumonia: amoxicillin and metronidazole
Disease:
C. botulinum causes botulism
C. difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis
C. perfringens, causes gas gangrene.
C. tetani, causes tetanus
C. sordellii causes pneumonia
Treatments:
Botulism : antitoxins
Pseudomembranous colitis: oral vancomycin or with intravenous metronidazole.
Gas gangrene: antibiotics, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and/or amputation
Tetanus: tetanus immunoglobulin, metronidazole, and diazepam
Pneumonia: amoxicillin and metronidazole
Medical importANCE OF bacteria
Although bacteria has a bad reputation due to their harmful effects on humans, they also help humans everyday in many different ways. One good example would be the production of insulin using plasmids. The human insulin gene is mixed into a bacterial plasmid and the bacteria is encouraged to divide and reproduce with the gene to produce human insulin. The bacteria is later killed off and the insulin is separated and purified for human use. Bacteria is often used as living factories for scarce biological products such as insulin, interferon and growth hormones.